The School of Raya hosts Rumble ’26, a skateboarding platform in India

“Why bother figuring out which colour looks best on the frame of my wooden drawer when I can just ask AI to show me samples?”

This question, echoed in my classroom and in different forms across grades, unsettled me. Not because I oppose AI, but because something felt missing.

Sitting with this thought, I went back to the days of making before generative AI, before the endless possibilities of AI, before it became the answer to almost every question. Learning was a process of trial and error. We sat with problems, searched Google, opened ten tabs, discarded nine, and followed the one that led us down an unexpected rabbit hole. But what came before Google? An era when people turned to libraries and sought out learned people for discussion, discovering that learning was about much more than simply finding the answer.

Across these eras, one thing remained constant: the work of finding out. We might have discarded 95% of our attempts, building on the useful 5%. But did we really discard that 95%? Every failed attempt shaped our understanding, teaching us what did not work and bringing us closer to what did.

This is precisely what the Design Cycle seeks to nurture. Making is messy, nonlinear, and often uncomfortable. Students begin with energy, ambitious ideas, and a plan to conquer it all. But as they engage with materials, their progress slows. Measurements do not align, ideas fail to translate from paper to reality, and motivation dips. They find themselves navigating the uncomfortable space between knowing what they want to create and figuring out how to create it.

Then comes a breakthrough, sometimes a complete shift in direction, sometimes a tiny adjustment that makes something work. Their energy returns, their confidence grows, and they find their way forward. This cycle of challenge, reflection, adaptation, and discovery is where competencies are built and learning takes root. Through making, students learn that design extends beyond the sketch; it demands patience, resourcefulness, and a willingness to revise, rethink, and begin again.

AI, too, can have a place in this journey, serving as a launchpad for exploring ideas, generating possibilities, and developing an initial plan. But the real learning begins when students engage with the material, test their assumptions, encounter setbacks, and find their own way forward. It is through this process that they move beyond simply executing a plan to becoming designers and effective learners who can navigate uncertainty.

And that is exactly what we echo in our classrooms: it is always the process over the product. Our responsibility is to empower learners to move beyond dependence on tools and prepare them for an unknown future. While how we do this will evolve, the what and why remain clear: to nurture independent thinkers who can question, create, adapt, and learn. After all, the goal is not merely to find the answer, but to become someone capable of finding it.

There is something rather revealing about the questions students ask when they are struggling. Not the questions they ask because a teacher has invited them to participate, or because an examination requires a response. I mean the other questions. The ones that emerge when the books are closed, the classroom is quieter, and a student finally admits that something isn’t quite making sense.

“I don’t know how to do this.”

“How do I get better?”

“How do I even begin?”

I have spent enough time around students to notice that, beneath many of these conversations, there is a remarkably persistent little word: how.

The extraordinary life of an ordinary word

The word how does a remarkable amount of work for its four letters. It can be scientific, philosophical, practical, emotional and occasionally exasperated. How does gravity work? How do people decide what is right? How can a poem make us feel something
we cannot quite explain? How does one get through Monday?

It is a word that refuses to stay in one subject.

Why, on the other hand, can be a rather complicated business. Why did I fail? Why can’t I understand this? Why does this keep happening? Entire afternoons can disappear into the business of asking why, occasionally with very little to show for it.

How is different. It does not necessarily promise an answer, but it suggests that a way forward might exist. How do I approach this? How might I see it differently? How can I make sense of something that currently feels beyond me?

And there, I think, is an important distinction between education that delivers knowledge and education that develops a learner. One gives a student something to know. The other helps them discover what they can do with
not knowing.

The question grows up

Consider a child in the Early Years Programme (EYP), watching a puddle disappear after a morning of sunshine.

“How did the water go?”

A perfectly reasonable question. Also, potentially, the beginning of a rather substantial investigation into evaporation, temperature, observation and the behaviour of matter. The child, of course, may simply want to know where their puddle went. One need not introduce the water cycle before breakfast. But something important has begun. The child has noticed something, found it puzzling and wanted to understand it.

Move forward a few years into the Primary Years Programme (PYP), and the questions begin to connect. How does water move through our environment? Who has access to it? What happens when communities do not have enough? An observation has become an inquiry. The child is beginning to see that the world is not organised into separate school subjects, however convenient that arrangement may be for timetables.

In the Middle Years Programme (MYP), the questions become more analytical. How does a photograph influence what we believe? How does a society decide what is fair? How can the same event be understood differently by different people?

And then comes the Diploma Programme (DP), where students encounter the rather uncomfortable but intellectually rewarding possibility that understanding something is not always the same as agreeing with it.

How does a writer construct meaning? How does language shape identity? How do we know whether an argument is convincing, or merely sounds convincing? How might two opposing interpretations both reveal something worth considering?

The questions have grown up. The curiosity has not disappeared.

This is what I find particularly compelling about the IB continuum. EYP, PYP, MYP and DP are not simply four stages in which students accumulate increasingly difficult content. They represent a progression in how young people engage with knowledge: from noticing, to investigating, to analysing, to evaluating and creating.

The curriculum does not merely ask students to know more. It asks them to think differently.

Reading between the lines. And sometimes, between the words.

As an English Language and Literature teacher, I have a particular fondness for the question how. It is, after all, the question that makes literature interesting.

A student reading a novel might identify a character as lonely. That is a reasonable observation. But how does the writer make us feel that loneliness? Through the setting? The dialogue? The absence of dialogue? Perhaps the character is surrounded by people but never quite belongs to the room.

Now we are getting somewhere.

A metaphor is no longer simply a metaphor to identify. It becomes a way of understanding how language makes an abstract experience tangible. A narrative voice is not merely a technical feature. It determines whose story we hear, whose version we trust, and whose experience might remain outside the frame.

Even silence becomes interesting.

What is left unsaid? Why does it matter? Who benefits from that silence?

These questions take students beyond reading for information. They teach them to read for intention, implication, perspective and power.

And once students begin noticing how meaning is constructed in literature, they become better equipped to notice it elsewhere: in advertisements, political speeches, social media, and the everyday language through which people persuade, include, exclude, exaggerate and occasionally tell the truth.

The world, it turns out, is rather full of texts. Some simply have better punctuation than others.

The business of not knowing

There is an odd assumption that a good student is someone who knows the answer. I have always found this definition a little limiting.

A student who knows the answer may have remembered it, understood it, or worked it out. All valuable things. But what happens when the answer is unfamiliar? When the problem has no obvious solution? When the first attempt fails?

This is where learning becomes interesting.

A student who can recognise a difficulty, identify what they need, reconsider their approach and seek help is developing something more enduring than the ability to complete a particular task.

They are developing agency.

And agency is not the same as independence in the sense of never needing anyone. It is the ability to take an active role in one’s own learning, including knowing when to collaborate, when to question and when to begin again.

Students do not leave school and enter a world that politely arranges its challenges according to the chapters they have completed. They encounter uncertainty, contradiction, change and other people, with entirely different ideas about how things ought to work.

A curriculum that makes room for inquiry, reflection and different perspectives is not making learning less rigorous. It is preparing students for the kind of thinking that cannot be rehearsed in advance.

What happens when how becomes who?

The most interesting transformation, however, may be less visible. A young child asks how something works. A PYP learner begins investigating how ideas connect. An MYP student examines how meaning is constructed. A DP student evaluates how knowledge is produced, interpreted and used.

But somewhere along the way, another question develops.

How do I respond to the world around me? How do I use what I know responsibly? How do I disagree without dismissing someone? How do I recognise when I am wrong? How do I contribute something worthwhile?

These are not questions that belong to a particular subject or assessment criterion. They emerge when learning begins to shape the learner.

At Raya, the IB framework provides the structure for this progression, while the idea of Find Your Flow recognises something equally important: children do not all arrive at their potential by following identical routes. One might discover confidence through a scientific investigation. Another through a
performance, a sporting challenge, a literary interpretation or an idea pursued long after the lesson has ended.

The point is not to make every student good at everything. That would be an exhausting educational ambition, and probably an impossible one. It is to help each student discover what they are capable of, while developing the intellectual and human capacities to engage with what lies beyond their immediate strengths.

A question worth carrying

I often think that the real measure of a student’s learning is not how quickly they can answer a question, but what happens when they cannot.

Do they withdraw? Wait for someone else to think for them? Or do they become curious enough to investigate, patient enough to reconsider, and confident enough to try?

There is no curriculum that can guarantee a life without difficulty. Nor should that be its ambition. What education can offer is something more useful: the knowledge to understand, the language to articulate, the judgement to evaluate and the confidence to act.

And perhaps, above all, the ability to keep asking. Because the child who asks how a puddle disappears may one day ask how a society changes. The student who learns to question a writer’s choices may eventually question the assumptions shaping their own world.

The subject matter changes. The stakes become greater. But the intellectual instinct is recognisable.

I think that is what makes the question how so powerful. It does not simply seek an explanation.

It opens a relationship between the learner and the world — one built on curiosity, possibility and the willingness to look again.

A good education does not teach a child to have an answer for everything. It teaches them how to meet the things they do not yet understand.

And that is a rather good place to begin.

A student answers a question correctly in class. They remember the concept, explain it well and score high marks in an assessment. But ask them a question they have never encountered before, one that has no clear answer, and the challenge changes.

They have to make sense of what they know, consider different possibilities and decide what they believe. They may even have to question something they were previously certain about.

This is where an important part of education begins.

In a world where information is readily available and answers are only a search away, knowing facts is no longer enough. Students need to learn how to question information, recognise different perspectives, evaluate evidence and form their own conclusions. These abilities take time to develop, and the classroom plays a significant role in shaping them.

The question for educators is worth reflecting on: are we giving students the space to think for themselves?

It begins with the questions we ask

Think about the questions students encounter every day. Some have straightforward answers. Others invite discussion, challenge assumptions and lead to further questions.

Both have their place in learning. The difference lies in whether students are also given opportunities to explore beyond what they have been taught.

In the Primary Years Programme (PYP) at The School of Raya, a student's observation can become the starting point for an inquiry. Something as simple as noticing a change in the environment can lead to questions, investigation and new discoveries. As students progress into the Middle Years Programme (MYP), they are encouraged to examine problems from different perspectives and consider the reasoning behind their responses.

By the time they reach the Diploma Programme (DP), these conversations can become even more complex. In Theory of Knowledge (TOK), students examine how knowledge is formed, what makes evidence convincing and how our experiences influence what we believe to be true.

A discussion that begins with "What do we know?" can lead to a far more challenging question: "How do we know that what we believe is true?"

Questions like these encourage students to look beyond the immediate answer and examine the thinking behind it. They also help students recognise that changing one's mind in the light of new evidence is a strength, not a weakness.

Learning to think takes practice

Critical thinking is often discussed as an essential skill for the future. In practice, it develops through the everyday experiences of learning.

It develops when an experiment produces an unexpected result and students have to work out why. When a mathematical problem can be approached in more than one way. When a discussion introduces a perspective they had not considered. Or when a project does not go as planned and they have to rethink their approach.

Consider a science experiment. If the result differs from what a student expected, the immediate temptation may be to look for the correct answer. But there is value in pausing first. Was an assumption incorrect? Did a variable change? Is there enough evidence to explain the result? What would happen if the experiment were repeated differently?

The same process takes place across other areas of learning.

In the arts, students make choices, interpret ideas and learn to explain what informs their work. In sports, they assess situations, respond to changing conditions and adapt their strategies. During community projects, they may discover that a solution that seemed practical in the classroom does not address the needs of the people involved.

Each experience asks students to draw on what they know and decide how to use it. It also teaches them that mistakes, unexpected outcomes and changing direction are part of the learning process.

These are not always easy lessons. They are, however, valuable ones.

In the arts, students make choices, interpret ideas and learn to explain what informs their work. In sports, they assess situations, respond to changing conditions and adapt their strategies. During community projects, they may discover that a solution that seemed practical in the classroom does not address the needs of the people involved.

Each experience asks students to draw on what they know and decide how to use it. It also teaches them that mistakes, unexpected outcomes and changing direction are part of the learning process.

These are not always easy lessons. They are, however, valuable ones.

Making room for different perspectives

One of the challenges of teaching students to think independently is allowing room for answers that may differ from our own expectations.

When students believe there is only one acceptable response, they can become more concerned with getting the answer right than with understanding the question. They may hesitate to share an idea unless they are certain it will be well received.

A classroom that welcomes discussion creates a different experience. Students can disagree, question an argument and explain why they see an issue differently. They also learn to listen to others and reconsider their own positions when the reasoning or evidence calls for it.

At Raya, TOK discussions offer opportunities for students to engage with questions that do not have easy or universal answers. The conversation becomes as much about the reasoning behind a position as the position itself. Students have to consider what supports a claim, whether the evidence is reliable and how another person might interpret the same information.

Student exhibitions offer a similar opportunity. Whether presenting an inquiry or sharing the outcome of a project, students have to communicate how their thinking developed. What did they set out to discover? Which decisions shaped their work? What changed as they learned more? What would they do differently next time?

These reflections help students become more aware of their own learning. They begin to recognise not only what they have learned, but also how they arrived there.

The role of the educator

Creating this kind of learning environment requires educators to be thoughtful about when to explain, when to guide and when to let students work through a question themselves.

There are times when students need direct instruction and a clear explanation. There are other times when the most useful response is to ask a follow-up question.

"What makes you say that?"

"What evidence supports your view?"

"Could there be another explanation?"

"What might change your mind?"

Such questions encourage students to explain their reasoning rather than simply state a conclusion. They also communicate something important: their ideas are worth examining, and they are capable of doing that examination themselves.

This does not mean leaving students to figure everything out independently. It means providing the right guidance while gradually building their confidence to make decisions, question assumptions and take responsibility for their thinking.

For educators, this also calls for patience. Independent thinking does not develop overnight, and it cannot be measured through a single assessment. It becomes visible over time, in the questions students ask, the connections they make and the way they respond when something challenges what they know.

Preparing students for questions we cannot yet predict

We do not know exactly what the world will look like when today's students enter university, begin their careers or take on leadership roles. New technologies will emerge, established industries will change, and the problems they face may be very different from those we know today.

What will remain important is their ability to make informed decisions, distinguish evidence from assumption, work through uncertainty and consider the consequences of their choices.

At The School of Raya, this is an important part of how we think about learning and the development of our Rayots. Academic knowledge matters, but so does the ability to apply it, question it and connect it to the world beyond the classroom.

We want students to leave school with the confidence to ask questions, the discipline to examine evidence and the judgement to form their own informed perspectives. We want them to be comfortable enough with uncertainty to keep exploring, and open-minded enough to recognise when another perspective has something to teach them.

Perhaps the real measure of learning is not simply whether a student can answer the questions placed before them today, but whether they have developed the curiosity and confidence to engage with the questions that lie ahead.

That is the difference between learning answers and learning to think. And it is a distinction that deserves a place at the heart of education.